How Many Languages Is the Art of War Tranzlated Into

Ancient Chinese military treatise by Sunday Tzu

The Fine art of War

Author	(trad.) Sun Tzu
State	China
Language	Classical Chinese
Subject	Military art
Publication date	fifth century BC
Text	The Art of State of war at Wikisource

The Art of War
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal meaning	"Chief Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions Standard mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sun1-tzŭ3 pingone-fa3 IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syun1-zi2 bingane-faatthree IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Sun-tzú ping-huat Erstwhile Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Leap and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun"), is composed of thirteen chapters. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how it applies to war machine strategy and tactics. For virtually 1,500 years it was the pb text in an album that was formalized every bit the Seven Military Classics past Emperor Shenzong of Vocal in 1080. The Fine art of State of war remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare^[i] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons and strategy to rank and subject area. Sun besides stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war effort. Considered ane of history's finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of advanced military training for millennia to come up.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English was attempted by British officeholder Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of State of war. The starting time annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.^[two] Military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese full general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American war machine general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the book.^[3]

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Fine art of War is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known as Sun Tzu (at present Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Master Sun". Sun Tzu was traditionally said to have lived in the 6th century BC, merely The Art of War 's earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years afterward.^[four]

Sima Qian'southward Records of the Grand Historian, the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, records an early on Chinese tradition that a text on war machine matters was written by one "Dominicus Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the Country of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[v] This text was traditionally identified with the received Main Dominicus's Fine art of State of war. The conventional view was that Dominicus Wu was a military theorist from the terminate of the Jump and Autumn menstruum (776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his power to train even "dainty palace ladies" in warfare and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is yet widely held in Communist china.^[6]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early tertiary century AD authored the primeval known commentary to the Art of War.^[five] Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed sure passages, just the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[5] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[5]

[edit]

Beginning effectually the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to doubtfulness the historical beingness of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Fall menstruation.^[5] The proper name "Sunday Wu" ( 孫武 ) does not announced in whatever text prior to the Records of the Thousand Historian,^[7] and has been suspected to exist a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the avoiding warrior": the surname "Sun" is glossed equally the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi's office as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[8] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sun Tzu's purported descendant Lord's day Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a war machine treatise he wrote.^[five] Unlike Sun Wu, Lord's day Bin appears to take been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the cosmos of the historical figure "Dominicus Tzu" through a form of euhemerism.^[viii]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in 2 Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs most the city of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[9] Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed betwixt 134 and 118  BC, respectively were ii separate texts, one attributed to "Sun Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and some other attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Fine art of State of war by Sunzi.^[10] The Sun Bin text'southward material overlaps with much of the "Sun Tzu" text, and the two may be "a unmarried, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Dominicus proper name".^[eleven] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that in that location were two texts that could take been referred to every bit "Chief Sun's Fine art of War", not one.^[10] The content of the earlier text is well-nigh one-tertiary of the chapters of the modern The Fine art of War, and their text matches very closely.^[9] Information technology is now generally accepted that the before The Art of War was completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.^[10]

The 13 chapters [edit]

The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān ); the drove is referred to equally being 1 zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").

The Art of War chapter names and contents

Affiliate	Lionel Giles (1910)[12]	R. L. Fly (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Chow-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Item Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the five fundamental factors (the Style, seasons, terrain, leadership, and direction) and seven elements that decide the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual departure from these calculations volition ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the country and must not be commenced without due consideration.
Ii	Waging War	The Challenge	Waging War	Waging War (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Boxing	Explains how to empathize the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns crave limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
III	Attack by Stratagem	The Plan of Attack	Planning Offensives	Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Assail	Defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in whatsoever war. In social club of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
IV	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	War machine Disposition	Disposition of the Ground forces (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in rubber. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
V	Use of Energy	Directing	Strategic Military Power	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Power	Explains the use of inventiveness and timing in building an army's momentum.
6	Weak Points and Strong	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Potent	Explains how an army'south opportunities come from the openings in the environment acquired past the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battleground over a given expanse.
7	Maneuvering an Army	Engaging The Force	Military Combat	War machine Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
Eight	Variation of Tactics	The Nine Variations	Nine Changes	Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變)	Nine Contingencies	Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army'southward responses. It explains how to reply to shifting circumstances successfully.
9	The Army on the March	Moving The Force	Maneuvering the Army	Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Army	Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this department focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Classification of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the three general areas of resistance (altitude, dangers and barriers) and the 6 types of ground positions that ascend from them. Each of these 6 field positions offers sure advantages and disadvantages.
Xi	The 9 Situations	The Nine Situations	Nine Terrains	The 9 Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Nine Kinds of Ground	Describes the ix mutual situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to mortiferous, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
XII	Set on past Burn down	The Fiery Attack	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Fire	Explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the surround as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for set on, the 5 types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
13	Apply of Spies	The Use of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing good data sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to all-time manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Military and intelligence applications [edit]

Beyond East asia, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During the Sengoku period (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have get almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, considering he studied The Art of War.^[thirteen] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Wood, Burn and Mountain), significant fast equally the current of air, silent as a forest, ferocious every bit fire and immovable as a mount.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of War is cited every bit influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: "We must non belittle the saying in the book of Sunday Wu Tzu, the slap-up military practiced of aboriginal People's republic of china, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and y'all can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"^[13]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Art of State of war and reportedly could recite entire passages from retentiveness. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Fine art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and Southward. General Võ, later the master PVA military commander in the Vietnam State of war, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu'south ideas.^[xiv] America'due south defeat there, more than than any other effect, brought Dominicus Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. armed forces theory.^{[14] [fifteen] [16]}

The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and Full general Staff Higher, lists The Fine art of State of war as ane example of a volume that may be kept at a military unit of measurement's library.^[17]

The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known every bit the Commandant's Reading List). Information technology is recommended reading for all Us Military Intelligence personnel.^[eighteen]

The Fine art of War is used as instructional fabric at the United states Military Academy at West Point, in the course Military Strategy (470),^[19] and information technology is besides recommended reading for Officeholder cadets at the Royal Armed services University, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders take stated the following virtually Sun Tzu and The Art of War:

"I ever kept a re-create of The Art of War on my desk."^[20] – General Douglas MacArthur, five Star Full general & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[21] – General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of State.

Co-ordinate to some authors, the strategy of charade from The Fine art of State of war was studied and widely used past the KGB: "I volition forcefulness the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will plough his force into weakness".^[22] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in accuse of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were gorging readers of Art of State of war; Airo kept the book on his bedside table in his quarters.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Awarding exterior the military [edit]

The Fine art of War has been practical to many fields exterior of the military. Much of the text is near how to outsmart ane's opponent without actually having to engage in concrete battle. Equally such, it has found application equally a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve bodily combat.

The Art of War is mentioned as an influence in the primeval known Chinese collection of stories nigh fraud (by and large in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the belatedly Ming dynasty.^[23]

Many concern books accept applied the lessons taken from the volume to part politics and corporate business strategy.^{[24] [25] [26]} Many Japanese companies make the volume required reading for their central executives.^[27] The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to information technology for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.^[28]

The Art of War has been the bailiwick of legal books^[29] and legal manufactures on the trial procedure, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[thirty] [31] [32] [33]}

The volume The 48 Laws of Power past Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Art of War.^[34]

The Art of War has also been applied in sports. National Football League motorbus Nib Belichick, record holder of the most Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his adoration for The Fine art of War.^{[35] [36]} Brazilian clan football coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Fine art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Cup entrada. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of War underneath his players' doors in the night.^{[37] [38]}

The Fine art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of State of war in modernistic esports. The Art of State of war was released in 2014 every bit an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis Iv, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword past Thomas Johansson.

Movie and television set [edit]

The Art of War and Sun Tzu accept been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 picture Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) frequently references it ^[39] The 20th James Bond movie, Die Another Twenty-four hours (2002) also references The Art of War equally the spiritual guide shared past Colonel Moon and his begetter.^[40] and in The Sopranos. In season iii, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book.^[41] and the Star Expedition: The Next Generation commencement-flavor episode "The Terminal Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Lord's day Tzu was still taught at Starfleet Academy. Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-expressionless nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and The Art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Art of War is a 2000 activity spy moving picture directed past Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[42]

Notable translations [edit]

• Dominicus Tzu on the Art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
• The Art of State of war. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-nineteen-501476-1. Role of the UNESCO Drove of Representative Works.
• Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Art of Warfare. Translated by Roger Ames. Random Firm. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-1. .
• The Art of War. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-half-dozen.
• The Art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods. Translated past Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• The Art of War. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Science of State of war: Sun Tzu'due south Art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated by Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-2.
• The Art of War. Translated by Michael Nylan. W.West. Norton & Company, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

Run across also [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• Military machine treatise
• Philosophy of war

Books [edit]

• Achtung – Panzer! by Heinz Guderian
• Arthashastra
• Bansenshukai
• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• Dream Puddle Essays by Shen Kuo
• Epitoma rei militaris by Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• History of the Peloponnesian State of war past Thucydides
• Huolongjing by Liu Bowen
• Infanterie Greift An past Erwin Rommel
• On Protracted State of war by Mao Zedong
• On War by Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the Thou Historian
• Seven Armed services Classics
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom past T. E. Lawrence
• The 33 Strategies of War
• The Fine art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
• The Book of 5 Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• The Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Jewish War by Josephus
• The Science of War machine Strategy
• The Utility of Force past Rupert Smith
• Xxx-Six Stratagems

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of War past Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021-01-01). "The Employ of the Art of War Ideas in the Strategic Determination-making of the Company". Transportation Research Procedia. 14th International scientific briefing on sustainable, modern and safe ship. 55: 1273–1280. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.
4. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
6. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–13.
7. ^ Mair (2007), p. ix.
8. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. 10.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
11. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
12. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sun-tzu ping fa [The art of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Press. ISBN978-1-934255-15-5. OCLC 433665014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Fine art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
14. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sunday Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-x-xi. Retrieved 2009-12-xix .
15. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
16. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Art of War: Lord's day Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
17. ^ Army, U. Southward. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. Southward. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
18. ^ "Letters".
19. ^ "Section of War machine Instruction Job Opportunities | United States Military Academy West Signal". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
20. ^ U.s. War machine Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Authorities Printing Office, 1989), v–six, 93–94.
21. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
22. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Agree on Russia – Past, Nowadays, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-v, affiliate Who was backside perestroika?
23. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press". Columbia Academy Press.
24. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
25. ^ McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Half dozen Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford Academy Press, 1996.
26. ^ Krause, Donald Thousand. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Knowledge for Today'due south Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Grouping, 1995.
27. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." S China Morning Post (Apr 21, 2006) p. 15
28. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Employ Aboriginal Fine art of War Strategies to Professional Development". The International Periodical of Learning. 7 (3): 21–36.
29. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
30. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Footing?" (1991), 42 Mercer 50. Rev. 861–73
31. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
32. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu'due south The Art of War to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007
33. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity"
34. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene". Penguin Random House Canada . Retrieved 2020-x-27 .
35. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu'due south 'The Art of State of war' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business organisation Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine art of state of war". The Sydney Morn Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: One-on-I". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
38. ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Heed games reach new high every bit Scolari studies fine art of war". Irish Independent.
39. ^ "Bud Flim-flam: Lord's day-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate". www.quotes.net . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
40. ^ Die Another Day (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
41. ^ Globe, Boston. "Hey, if Tony's reading it, it's got to be expert". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
42. ^ "The Fine art of War (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Dominicus tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Order for the Study of Early Mainland china; Plant of East Asian Studies, Academy of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-1-55729-043-4.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Sunday Tzu: The Illustrated Art of War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Aboriginal Red china. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-8.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of War: Dominicus Zi's Military Methods. New York: Columbia Academy Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume 1 (2d ed.). New York: Columbia Academy Press. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-3.
• Yuen, Derek M. C. (2014). Deciphering Dominicus Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у 2 ч.

External links [edit]

• The Art of War at Standard Ebooks
• The Fine art of War Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
• The Art of War at Projection Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Book of War at Project Gutenberg translated past E.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of State of war public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
• Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
• Lord's day Tzu and Information Warfare at the Constitute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense Academy
• 11 The 9 Situations | The Art of War by Lord's day Tzu (Animated)
• The Art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War

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